Avian Influenza Essay Example

Avian Influenza Essay Example Avian Influenza Paper Avian Influenza Paper Exposition Topic: The Wild Duck Avian Influenza Presentation Flying creature influenza by and large starts with inconvenience of lower respiratory ways and in irregular casesfrom upper respiratory aviation routes. Raised viral titer is separated from pharynx yet not from nose. Starting indications of the H5N1 flu are: high evaluation fever, gentle cold, hack and brevity of breath. Essentially all patients create viral pneumonia confounding to auxiliary bacterial disease, gentle to serious respiratory misery, loose bowels, retching and stomach torment. Conjunctivitis is substance. Some of the time gastrointestinal turmoil grows sooner than respiratory manifestations. Avian flu infections are shed in respiratory emissions and excrement of fowls. Contaminated ducks, for instance, shed infection for at any rate 30 days. Flu infection from the dung of waterfowl can be recuperated from surface water. Avian species create disease that ranges from asymptomatic to deadly. Avian flu has caused significant flare-ups in poultry ranches.  Influenza infection can experience hereditary transformations in hemagglutinin or neuraminidase (antigens on the outside of the infection) that can prompt pandemics. Considerably less regularly, a totally new hemagglutinin or neuraminidase develops with the new hereditary material originating from creatures. This hereditary move regularly prompts pandemics. Early sequence: 1929 Last proof (serologic) of course in people of a pig like flu infection 1930 Isolation of a flu infection from pig 1933 First disengagement of a flu infection from people Until 1995, just three of the 15 flu hemagglutinins that had been distinguished were known to cause contaminations in people. Winged creatures have every one of the 15 distinguished hemagglutinins and nine neuraminidases. New flu infections regularly rise up out of southern China, a locale portrayed by a huge, thickly settled human populace and rich pigs and ducks living in nearness to people. Until occasions in Hong Kong in 1997, researchers believed that avian flu represented no immediate danger to people. In 1997, in the wake of causing flu flare-ups on chicken homesteads, avian flu (H5N1) spread to people (Claas et al. 1998). Eighteen human cases were affirmed, six of them lethal. Contamination was gathered in kids and youthful grown-ups, not at all like the example in many episodes where horribleness and demise are generally normal in more established grown-ups. The infection recuperated from people was indistinguishable from that found in flying creatures (Subbarao et al. 1998). Epidemiological examinations proposed that there had been numerous autonomous presentations of the flu infection into the human populace from winged animals, however that extremely constrained individual to-individual spread happened. At the hour of the human cases, there were assessed to be 300â€600 live feathered creature advertises in Hong Kong, where blending of various avian species ( ducks, chickens, fowls, pigeons, wild flying creatures) was conceivable. At the point when the Hong Kong live flying creature markets were considered, 10% or a greater amount of winged animals were seen as shedding H5N1, in various avian species (geese, chickens, ducks). The winged creatures (more than one million) were slaughtered, and no extra human instances of H5N1 have been archived. In 1999, human contamination with H9N2, another avian flu strain boundless in Asia, was likewise archived without precedent for people, during a period of upgraded observation (Peiris et al. 1999). The occasions in Hong Kong have prompted increased worldwide reconnaissance for flu in people and creatures. There was motivation to be worried about the occasions in Hong Kong, a thickly populated city with broad connects to the remainder of the world. In 1993, there were an expected 41.4 million traveler developments (vessel, train, vehicle, plane) and from Hong Kong. The flu infections that beset people are separated into three sorts: A, B, and C. Flu An is answerable for the pestilences and contaminates man as well as pigs, ponies, seals, and a huge assortment of winged creatures. Without a doubt, flu A has been disengaged worldwide from both residential and wild winged animals, basically waterbirds including ducks, geese, terns, and gulls and tamed feathered creatures, for example, turkeys, chickens, quail, fowls, geese, and ducks. Investigations of wild ducks in Canada from 1975 to 1994 demonstrated that up to 20 percent of the adolescents were contaminated, and fecal examples from their lakeshore living spaces contained the infection. These flying creatures normally shed the infection from five to seven days (with a limit of thirty days) subsequent to getting tainted despite the fact that they give no indication of the ailment. Clearly, this infection and its hosts have adjusted commonly over numerous hundreds of years and made a store that g uarantees propagation of the infection. Duck infection has been embroiled in flare-ups of flu in creatures, for example, seals, whales, pigs, ponies, and turkeys. Broad examination of the viruss hereditary structure, or nucleic corrosive arrangements, bolsters the speculations that mammalian flu infections, including those tainting man, may well start in oceanic winged animals. (Suarez DL, Spackman E, Senne DA, 2003) Subtypes of flu A, the different strains of these avian infections can be named either exceptionally pathogenic or starting at low pathogenicity, in light of their hereditary highlights and the seriousness of sickness they cause in fowls. There are as of now 27 potential types of the three subtypes of avian flu infections separated by varieties in the neuraminidase surface antigen. In this way, H5, H7, and H9 avian flu infections, so named for their hemagglutinin surface antigen, can each be coordinated with nine potential neuraminidase surface antigens, N1, N2, N3, and so on. Subsequently, there could be H5N1 through H5N9, H7N1 through H7N9, and H9N1 through H9N9 strains. H9 infections have all the earmarks of being of low pathogenicity, while H5 and H7 infections can be exceptionally pathogenic for flying creatures. Be that as it may, low pathogenic types of these infections appear to be the reason for most flare-ups among poultry causing just mellow or vague disease and low death rates. In any case, both H5 and H7 can grow elevated levels of pathogenicity in which case death rates in poultry rushes can arrive at 100%. The common history of avian flu infections is portrayed by spread through tainted nasal, respiratory and fecal material, and a repository state in sound winged animals. (Pascal James Imperato, 2005) www.springerlink.com/file/H6427776HH34G857.pdf Pathogenesis The pathogenesis of avian flu A (H5N1) infection in people has not been plainly clarified. Apoptosis may likewise have a fundamental influence. Apoptosis has been seen in alveolar epithelial cells, which is the significant objective cell type for the viral replication. Numerous apoptotic leukocytes were seen in the lungs of patients who passed on day 6 of ailment. Apoptosis may assume a significant job in the pathogenesis of flu (H5N1) infection in people by annihilating alveolar epithelial cells. This pathogenesis causes pneumonia and pulverizes leukocytes, prompting leucopenia, which is a remarkable clinical element of flu (H5N1) infection in people. Regardless of whether watched apoptotic cells were a legitimately identified with viral replication or result of an over actuation of the invulnerable framework needs further examinations. (Uiprasertkul M, 2007) www.cdc.gov/EID/content/13/5/708.htm Tainted flying creatures were the significant wellspring of the H5N1 flu infection among people in Asia. For the most part people got tainted by eating contaminated winged animals, by poor cleanliness methods when cooking tainted flying creatures, or by close contact with contaminated poultry. (Reina J, 2002). Certain winged creatures, especially water feathered creatures, go about as hosts for flu infections via conveying the infection in their digestive organs and shedding it. Contaminated fowls shed infection in spit, nasal emissions, and defecation. Vulnerable flying creatures can get tainted with avian flu infection when they have contact with defiled nasal, respiratory, or fecal material from contaminated feathered creatures. Fecal-to-oral transmission is the most well-known method of spread among flying creatures. Frequently, the wild feathered creatures that are the hosts for the infection don't become ill, yet they can spread flu to different winged creatures. (CDC, 2006) ww w.cdc.gov/influenza/avian/gen-data/spread.htm At present spread of the H5N1 flu from human to human via air conceived course has not been enrolled, yet suffering checking for ID transformation and adjustment of H5N1 flu infection to human is required. Most examinations acted in avian viral strains clarifies that harmfulness is a polygenic marvel. In any case, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase and the qualities arranging these substances (qualities 4 and 6) assume a crucial job in viral pathogenesis. (Gu J, Xie Z, Gao Z, Liu J, Korteweg C, Ye J, Lau LT, Lu J, Gao Z, Zhang B, McNutt MA, Lu M, Anderson VM, Gong E, Yu AC, Lipkin WI, 2007). Avian strains can be named harmful or avirulent as indicated by the capacity of hemagglutinin to be activated by endoproteases of the respiratory tract simply or by proteases from different tissues. This capacity depends on the regularly going changes that lead to the replacement of the ordinary amino acids at the purpose of hemagglutinin hydrolysis by the other fundamental amino acids that decide t he intensification of the range of hydrolysis and initiation. Neuraminidase contributes in the procurement of destructiveness through its capacity to connect to plasminogen and by raising the centralization of enacting proteases. Adjustment to the host, by acknowledgment of the cell receptor, is an extra factor deciding the harmfulness and interspecies spread of avian strains. (Reina J, 2002) Transmission to warm blooded animals Flu An infections from oceanic winged creatures develop ineffectively in human cells, and the other way around. In any case, both avian and human flu infections can imitate in pigs. We have realized that pigs are defenseless to flu infections that contaminate man since the time the veterinarian J. S. Koen first watched pigs with flu side effects intently taking after those of people. Review trial of human blood demonstrate that the pig infection disconnected by Shope in 1928 was like the human

Right000 centerbottom Essays - , Term Papers

right000 centerbottom Vital Management Project 950000 Vital Management Project 1333505694045 00 Passage MOTOR COMPANY Presented by: Group5 Cao D ang Khoa - 295886 Nguyen Trieu Phuc Hai - 295902 Tran Nguyen Khoa Hung-295922 Submitted to THOMAS BRADLEY Official Summary Passage Motor Company faces numerous key difficulties during these unstable monetary occasions. In the following month and a half, two of its significant rivals might be compelled to declare financial insolvency or sell resources. As of this composition, Ford is the most monetarily solid American vehicle producer and has enough money close by to proceed with activities through financial year 2009, if there are no further emotional weakenings in the market. Investigators accept that the organization won't have to look for government subsidizing except if vehicle deals for 2010 are underneath 12 million. While Ford, similar to all significant vehicle organizations right now, faces genuine difficulties, we state that open doors exist during whenever of emergency. We accept that Ford can, with our assistance, equal the initial investment in financial year 2010 notwithstanding further macroeconomic disintegration. This report makes the accompanying proposals to Ford Motor Company: 1) Ford should proceed with endeavors to auction the Volvo brand. The assets from this deal Ought to furnish Ford with expanded adaptability during the coming year just as add to existing key objectives. 2) Ford ought to broadly plan for the liquidation of Chrysler or potentially General Engines. Such liquidations represent a lot of hazard to Ford, including yet not Restricted to: the likelihood that the legislature may picked a champ, the potential for GM to rise up out of liquidation with a noteworthy cost preferred position, and flexibly chain Disturbance coming about because of liquidations of common providers. While we accept that Any liquidation of Chrysler ought to be seen as a vital chance, we remain Profoundly worried about how the eventual fate of GM may affect Ford. For the time being, We accept that Ford should keep on profiting by its rivals' shakiness and Take piece of the overall industry. 3) We have confidence in the executives' One Ford' system and accept that the Ford Fiesta is ready for accomplishment in North America, whenever promoted accurately and executed appropriately. Proceeded with separation through the making of characterizing style and list of capabilities selective to Ford vehicles is likewise a positive advance over the long haul. 4) We suggest that, at every possible opportunity, Ford should move creation from the US and the Euro Zone to Mexico and Eastern Europe. 5) We suggest that Ford abuse current open doors in China and apply cash-flow to increase its deals and piece of the overall industry. Over the long haul, Ford should likewise concentrate on growing its offer in India. We don't, be that as it may, suggest that Ford put noteworthy capital in the Indian market as of now. We accept that these suggestions are in accordance with the Ford reasoning and are in contact with its history as a family claimed organization. Industry conditions are quickly changing, and Ford's ideal subsequent stages can't be completely elucidated upon until explicit data with respect to GM and Chrysler's future is declared. We anticipate the chance to offer proceeded with help for Ford Motor Company as the circumstance with Chrysler and General Motors creates, and accept that this report puts forth the ideal methodology for the organization at this point in time. Presentation The Company name: Ford Motor Company Portage Motor Company was established in 1903 by Henry Ford and has consistently stayed under family possession since this time. For the primary portion of the 21 st Century, Ford remained the predominant vehicle producer inside the market it had viably made. The Company strategic: Being a worldwide family with a pleased legacy energetically dedicated to giving individual versatility to individuals around the globe. Envisioning customer require and convey remarkable items and administrations that improve individuals' lives. Crucial: Ford just spotlight es on client, market and worry for open picture Organization vision is: to turn into the world's driving Consumer Company for car items and administrations. 2 Vision Evaluation: The vision articulation is very efficient as it features the items and contributions made by the organization. It likewise features that the organization is development arranged and needs to be the main organization in the car business. Organization destinations

Read Harder, Romance Style

Read Harder, Romance Style So yeah, Read Harder is about reading things you wouldn’t normally read. But there’s some benefit to some familiarity, whether in subject matter or genre. So here are a few good romances to read to help make it through the Read Harder challenge this year. (Obviously, you can’t get all of them through romance and romance-related topics, unless there’s a romance-related true crime book no one is telling me about, but most is better than none, right?) Here are the topics I’ve got for you: A book published posthumously: Merely a Marriage  by  Jo Beverly. Jo Beverly was a pioneer of historical romance, and her final book was published nearly a year after her death. A classic of genre fiction: The Grand Sophy by  Georgette Heyer. I was a latecomer to The Great Georgette. I had tried reading Faro’s Daughter and found myself far too bored to continue, but people kept encouraging me to try something else. This one is a little more of the familiar regency romance that Heyer is known to have set rolling.   A comic written and illustrated by the same person: Letters for Lucardo by Noora Heikkilä, which is also good for a comic published by someone not Big Three. And possibly a creator of color? I’m not certain. But damn, it’s beautiful. A book set in one of the BRICS countries: Sonali Dev writes vibrant, engrossing stories about Indian people and India itself, and A Distant Heart is definitely both of those things. Set in modern-day Mumbai, this one definitely qualifies for the BRICS challenge. Her other novels aren’t completely set in India, but The Bollywood Bride is probably second-longest time spent there. A book about nature: Some books on this list might be a bit of a reach, but The Countess Conspiracy is not one of them. The entire central storyline involves the reader learning way more than they expected to about floral reproduction habits, and enjoys it, too. A western: Destiny’s Embrace  by  Beverly Jenkins. For real, there are few Beverly Jenkins historicals that don’t classify as westerns, but this particular one, and the two that follow, are just so magical. Once you’re done with those, try Topaz next. You won’t regret it. A comic written or illustrated by a person of color: Alex Ada by Jonathan Luna and Sarah Vaughn. This is a strange but beautiful work of romance and science fiction. It’s so hard to explain that I’m just going to say: read it. Maybe twice. A romance novel by or about a person of color: Y’all. I made my list in the back of my planner and left twice as much space for this as the other tasks. If you’re like me, you’ve probably already read my favorite book from 2017, An Extraordinary Union. So I’m going to make the effort to try at least one new or new-to-me author this year.  For the sake of not making this post five thousand words, I’ll give you one that I’m going to read this year: Luck on the Line by Zoraida Cordova. Zoraida has gotten a lot of press this past couple years for her YA Brookly Brujas series, but she’s also got quite the backlog of adult work (and has determined that this is the year she works on another adult project). So there. Read about some chefs and stuff. A celebrity memoir: I decided to throw in a few romance-related nonfiction choices, and this is the first. She might not be a celebrity for the greater world, but Eloisa James is definitely a romance celebrity, so how about trying out her Paris in Love, about her year in Paris. Oprah’s Book Club: Not a romance, but Billie Letts’s  Where the Heart Is is a must for someone who wants the most saccharine, heartwarming, book of oddly-named people. My grandma was a religious follower of Oprah’s Book Club in the nineties and I recall this being one of the happier titles I picked up when she was finished. A book of social science: Everything I Learned About Love I Learned from Romance Novels is quite the mouthful, but it prepares you for Sarah Wendell’s hilarious prose and interesting look at the world we know. She can be pretty insightful, damn her. This particular book is a combination of literary study and sociology, so it can fall into the social science category. A one-sitting book: This one is hard, because we romance readers can turn pretty much anything into a one-sitting book (including Alexis Daria’s Dance With Me, which I read on a Saturday morning and you should, too). But what really works as a one-sitting book is a novella, and you know who writes amazing novellas? Rebekah Weatherspoon. Try Treasure  or So Sweet. Or if you’re looking for a bit of body-positive kinky goodness, try the Fit trilogy. There are tons of options just by one author alone. A sci-fi novel with a female protagonist by a female author Do you want some ridiculous in your life? Like utterly, unapologetically ridiculous? You need to read Touched By an Alien, the first in Gini Koch’s Kitty Katt series. The series involves the same couple, so is a bit different than your average romance, but the first book has all of the elements of romance with sci-fi taking only a bit of the forefront. I will warn you: this series is not good for binging. Too many at a time can get pretty overwhelming. Spread ‘em out. A comic that isn’t published by one of the Big Three: If you want to keep your tasks separate, check out Fresh Romance Volume 1, published by Oni Press. This anthology of romance stories covers the gamut of love. A book of genre fiction in translation: I was going to go with a light novel for this one, but then I remembered that I’d been ordered to read Ouran High School Host Club (seriously, ordered), and now that I’ve read the first volume, I can concur. It’s more romance adjacent than a true romance, but it’s so much fun and I can’t imagine any romance lover who likes serial art wouldn’t like it. A book with a cover you hate: This is a hard one. Hate is so relative, and goodness knows there are some…interesting covers in romance, in part because when you’re already paying to publish a book on your own, you take what you can get. But this is the real kind of cover I hate: [His Road Home] The leads in this novel are an Asian American woman and a Mexican American man. Both of these ethnicities could be represented in this cover, as each includes a range of complexions. But. There was potential to include complete faces, like this: [Wrong to Need You] But instead we get a weird fall-covered house with an American flag. I don’t even know why that part of the cover exists. There are more hospitals and hotel rooms than front porches. But it’s such a wonderful book that I have to ignore the cover. (I’ll insert here, I say the same thing about Trade Me, which has these two covers:   Guess which one I hate, for similar reasons.) A mystery by a person of color or LGBTQ+ author I have only read Kyra Daviss Just One Night, but  Sex, Murder, and a Double Latte  sounds like tons of fun. The first Sophie Katz Mystery, its got murder and a hot Russian, so Im pretty much there.   An essay anthology I don’t really know what the true definition of “essay anthology” is, so I am going to recommend Sarah Wendells  Beyond Heaving Bosoms. Separated into several different topics with fun and interesting titles, you could consider this book a collection of essays. Do anthologies have to be written by multiple people? I dunno. A book with a female protagonist over the age of 60 Highland Dragon Rebel  by Isabel Cooper. Okay, I know, that’s cheating. But if you want a romance featuring an older heroine, that woman is going to be in her thirties or forties, because romance forgets single women older than that exist. Otherwise, it’s the immortals. And let’s face it, Moiread is a pretty kick-ass immortal, so you want an excuse to read her anyway. Or, if youd like more comics, you can try  Bingo Love by Tee Franklin, Jenn St-Onge et al. Two lovely ladies in their sixties who were torn apart in their youth find each other later in life, only to fall back in love again. The graphic novel is out on Valentines Day! An assigned book I never finished Villette is a proto romance and is heralded as one of those books that stands apart, showing off a better figure than its younger sister, Jane Eyre. But hey, my Bronte/Thackeray class was winding down and my paper was on Vanity Fair, so I, uh…didn’t get very far. *** Do you have any good recommendations for books in these categories? Or maybe some of those I skipped (like colonial or postcolonial literatureâ€"I imagine Beverly Jenkins’s  Midnight is not what Rachel had in mind for “colonial”) that you know something that will work for? Share in the comments! Sign up for Kissing Books to receive  news, book recommendations, and more for residents of Romancelandia. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Introduction to Business Essay - 919 Words

Assignment one 1. What factors contribute to the rapid pace of change in business? Is the pace likely to accelerate or decrease over the next decade? Why? Human resources, capital, natural resources, entrepreneurship, and technology all play a factor in to a rapid change of pace. They are likely to increase because all of these factors are growing rapidly. 2. What role does entrepreneurship play in the economy? Who stands to gain from the success of individual entrepreneurs? How do other parties benefit? Entrepreneurship is key to the economy and most economies support it. The entire economy is going to gain from an entrepreneurship starting a business. Because businesses can decrease the workplace environment and not pay as many†¦show more content†¦legislation supports enforceable contracts, which is not the case in some other countries †¢ Corruption and bribery are relatively low in the U.S. compared to any other parts of the world †¢ Underlying issues such as high federal and consumer debt may threaten long-term health of the U.S. economy Competitive environment †¢ Global competition has intensified to unprecedented levels †¢ Leading edge firms now focus on customer satisfaction more than ever before †¢ Delivering value has become vital for success †¢ Imagination, innovation, speed-to-market, and a top notch workforce are crucial elements of a completive edge Technological environment †¢ New technology has created businesses and transformed others †¢ Technology can be a rich source of competitive advantage for fast moving firms or a major threat for slow adapters †¢ E-commerce continues to grow rapidly allowing firms to offer customized products at a comparable price to standardized products Social environment †¢ U.S. culture is increasingly ethnically diverse with a rapid growing Hispanic population †¢ The American population is rapidly aging, offering both opportunities and threats for businesses †¢ Workers continue to seek more flexibility from their employers †¢ Consumers have begun to demand higher ethical standards from businesses Global environment †¢ Economies around the world are increasingly interwoven †¢ Jobs areShow MoreRelatedIntroduction to Business4321 Words   |  18 PagesCHAPTER TWO BUSINESS OPPORTUNITIES Seeing, seeking and acting on opportunities is one of the characteristics of successful entrepreneurs everywhere. 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If the accurate selection was establishRead MoreIntroduction to Business Studies2099 Words   |  8 Pages An Introduction to Business Studies Question 1 Arena flowers is one of the renowned UK based company delivering fresh flowers to the customers directly from the growers avoiding the middlemen. SWOT analysis is conducted below to see what are the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats for the company (Graham, 2011). SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths: Human Resource Management: Company can hire employees at low cost Flexibility to hire and manage its human resource easily according to theRead More An Introduction to Business Essay4087 Words   |  17 PagesAn Introduction to Business Business plays a major role within our society. It is a creative and competitive activity that continuously contributes to the shaping of our society. By satisfying the needs and wants people cannot satisfy themselves, businesses improve the quality of life for people and create a higher standard of living. It is a way for individuals to provide goods and services to consumers, and at the same time, produce a profit for themselves. Businesses are not only importantRead MoreAn Introduction to Business Studies9335 Words   |  38 PagesB120 An Introduction to Business Studies PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Contact Information PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com Session 1 WHAT IS A BUSINESS? PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.com What is a Business? Business is such an integral part of our lives that we do not normally stop to think about it. It is hard to define for the very reason that there is so much of it around usRead MoreIntroduction to Business Essay4094 Words   |  17 PagesIntroduction to Business Business plays a major role within our society. It is a creative and competitive activity that continuously contributes to the shaping of our society. 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He wouldRead MoreIntroduction to Business Policy1145 Words   |  5 PagesPolicy - is a predetermined course of action which is established to provide a guide toward accepted business strategies and objectives. Policies identify the key activities and provide a general strategy to decision-makers on how to handle issues as they arise. This is accomplished by providing the reader with limits and a choice of alternatives that can be used to guide their decision making process as they attempt to overcome problems. Characteristics of a Policy 1. Are general in nature

Darren Fontanilla. English 101/Reyes. Persuasive Essay

Darren Fontanilla English 101/Reyes Persuasive Essay 5/8/2017 Somebody’s Daughter How would one feel if one s daughter was kidnapped and ended up being a victim of child prostitution? Of course you would feel sick and disgusted. In the book, Somebody s Daughter: The Hidden Story of America s Prostituted Children and the Battle to save Them, Julian Sher explains that prostitution affects young women in America who are usually runaways. There are multiple situations of different victims being sex trafficked all over the United States; however, they are treated as criminals rather than victims. All through the book, Sher clarifies that, child prostitution is an important awareness that we the general population should put a stop to†¦show more content†¦When we see these children with other people the child may look like normal girls, but we tend to not care and just turn our heads. In the book, a woman named Karen made a note saying â€Å"I’m sorry, I could not stay, the teenager wrote. I don’t think anybody knows w hat it feels like to be a disposable person† (Sher 37). Some people could care less about these children but think of it as if they were your child, brother, sister, family, friend, you would want to put an end to it. Next, to make a difference to end child prostitution is people should treat them as the victim, rather than treating them as the criminal. One clearly does not know what is going through their mind, so making judgements and statements does not help their situation at all. Julian Sher discusses that â€Å"When these children go get the attention of the system, they are almost always treated as criminals, not victims† (13). For what we can assume is that they did not choose this lifestyle but have just got caught up in it and have a hard time getting out. They are scared of their â€Å"pimp† who tells them if you do not do what I say I’ll kill you, hurt you, we’ll sell you to another pimp, etc. In the article, Report urges new approach t o child prostitution: â€Å" ‘These are children that are prostituted. These are children that are harmed. These are not criminals, Ellen Wright Clayton, a physician and member of the team, said at a press conference in Washington, D.C. on

Barriers to Communication Free Essays

Sender-oriented †¢Receiver-oriented Sender oriented barriers: It can be either voluntary or involuntary. At any cost, efforts should be made on the part of the sender to identify and remove them. Some of the barriers that are sender oriented are: ? Badly expressed message: concrete ideas and well structures message ? Loss in transmission: correct choice of medium or channel ?Semantic problem: simple words and accurate understanding of intension ? Over/under communication: quantum of information should be right ? I’ Attitude: avoid I attitude ?Prejudices: mind free of bias Rules to overcome the sender oriented barriers: ?Plan and clarify ideas ?Create a climate of trust and confidence ?Time your mind carefully ?Reinforce words with action ? Communicate efficiently Receiver-oriented barriers: ?Poor retention: jot down points ?Inattentive listening: improve concentration ?Tendency to evaluate: delay evaluation ?Interest and attitudes: develop interest ?Conflicting information: confirm with feedback, clarify Differing status and position: encourage juniors to come up with ideas and listen ? Resistance to change: be flexible ?Refutations and arguments: enter into healthy discussions Communication noise In any communication model, noise is interference with the decoding of messages sent over a channel by an encoder. We will write a custom essay sample on Barriers to Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many examples of noise: Environmental Noise: Noise that physically disrupts communication, such as standing next to loud speakers at a party, or the noise from a construction site next to a classroom making it difficult to hear the professor. Physiological-Impairment Noise: Physical maladies that prevent effective communication, such as actual deafness or blindness preventing messages from being received as they were intended. Semantic Noise: Different interpretations of the meanings of certain words. For example, the word â€Å"weed† can be interpreted as an undesirable plant in your yard, or as a euphemism for marijuana. Syntactical Noise: Mistakes in grammar can disrupt communication, such as abrupt changes in verb tense during a sentence. Organizational Noise: Poorly structured communication can prevent the receiver from accurate interpretation. For example, unclear and badly stated directions can make the receiver even more lost. Cultural Noise: Stereotypical assumptions can cause misunderstandings, such as unintentionally offending a non-Christian person by wishing them a â€Å"Merry Christmas. † Psychological Noise: Certain attitudes can also make communication difficult. For instance, great anger or sadness may cause someone to lose focus on the present moment. Disorders such as Autism may also severely hamper effective communication. [11] How to cite Barriers to Communication, Papers Barriers to Communication Free Essays Barriers to communication I Ways to overcome the barrier I A person could be deaf, so obviously they cannot hear what any body is saying to them, they wouldn’t be able to hear somebody calling them over and they wont know If people are talking about them which could also lower their self esteem. I This person could still be communicated with by others that know sign language, people could learn sign language so they can interact and communicate with this person, or written communication could be used so people are still able to talk to this person. I People from different cultures may not speak the same language which is a barrier to communication, because they will not be able to understand what you are saying and you will not be able to understand them. We will write a custom essay sample on Barriers to Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now I This can be solved by having a translator to help you communicate, you could also try to understand their language by having someone teach you. Pictures and signs could be used to communicate visually making It easier to communicate. I Having a lack of confidence could be a barrier to communication because the person wont feel confident enough to speak to you, be reverse, shy and scared, and lack of confidence could prevent communication skills from developing. I Ways to overcome this could be to make the person feel comfortable, start off the conversation, make the person feel like you are interested and make them feel better about them selves. I If a person is blind they could feel uncomfortable speaking to people because they wont be able to see who they’re talking too, feel vulnerable, scared and unsafe. I Having a person that they know and feel comfortable around with them, would help because they then would feel safe ND secure having somebody they trust with them I Speech difficulties. A person may not be able to speak due to damage to the brain or vocal cords or any other problems they may have which doesn’t allow them to speak. I Electronic speech synthesizers could solve this problem. It allows people who have problems with speaking, to communicate with others although they can’t actually speak themselves. I Having parent’s who are deaf/have speech difficulties could be a problem,it could prevent communication skills developing because their parent’s can’t speak to hem, teaching them communication skills as they grow up. I Being at nursery, and schools will help this situation. The child will be around others who will speak and communicate in other ways with them. Teaching them communication skills. Having a family member, friend or helper who has no speech difficulties, around the child as he or she grows up would make a difference because he or she can pick up the communication skills they need from that person. How to cite Barriers to Communication, Papers

The Relationship Between Sport and Tourism Essay Example

The Relationship Between Sport and Tourism Essay The relationship between sport and tourism In order to understand the meaning of sport tourism, firstly we need to understand the term sport and tourism. Generally, sport can be defined as â€Å"all forms of physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competitions at all levels† (Council Of Europe, 1992). Having said that, sport is actually a form of activity that is participated by people and it involves not only the participant but also other people. As for tourism, the World Tourism Organisation (WTO) (2000) defined it as â€Å"activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes†. In this case, both sport and tourism is seen as a form of travel from one place to another. For instance, most sport nowadays involves a considerable amount of traveling to play and compete in different destinations and countries. Other than that, there are also people that travels for the purpose of visiting sports attraction such as stadiums, sports museum and also sports hall. Nowadays, sport and tourism can be seen as an inseparable phenomenon and sport tourism itself is considered to be the fastest growing sector of the tourism industry. However, the definition of sport tourism varies among people, until now, there still has not been a standardize definition for it. Over the years, there have been attempts to define it; for instance (Weed et al, 1997). As such, Standeven and De Knop (1999, p. 2) defines sport tourism as, â€Å"All forms of active and passive involvement in sporting activity, participated in casually or in an organized way for non-commercial or business/commercial reasons, that necessitate travel away from home and work locality†. Therefore, it is known that sport and tourism relates to one another, as also stated by Hinch and Higham (2001) that â€Å"sport tourism is a sport-based travel away from the home environment for a limited time, where sport is characterised by unique rule sets, competition related to physical prowess and play†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Sport and Tourism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Sport and Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Sport and Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Furthermore, they also added that sport is considered to be â€Å"a significant travel activity, whether it is a primary or secondary feature of the trip†. According to Keller (2001), â€Å"the relationship between sport and tourism can be traced back to the ancient Olympic Games†. This is when all the people in the earlier days travelled to the olympic site just to attend the hallmark event. However, according to Delpy (1998), â€Å"high numbers of travellers searching for active and passive involvement in sports are of more recent origin†. The factors resulting to this trend is because there is an expanding demographic profile of participants in sports (Glyptis, 1989), increased demand for active engagement in recreational pursuits while on holiday (Priestley, 1995), and a growing interest in the prominent roles played by sports and sports event in urban renewal and urban imagery, and potential to leverage tourism opportunities associated with sports events (Getz, 1998). Other than that, sport tourism can be categorized into three types of tourism. According to Gibson (2003, pp. 07), â€Å"there is the active sport tourism where participants travel to take part in sport, event sport tourism where participants travel to watch the sport, and also nostalgia sport tourism where participants visit sports related attractions such as halls of fame, famous-stadia or sports-themed cruises†. Furthermore, active sport tourism consists of the active sport tourists, an individual who takes part in sport while on holiday. Gen erally, the sport that is usually related to this type of sport tourists are golf, skiing, swimming, tennis, and sailing. Moreover, the active sport tourist can be breakdown into three more categories; De Knop (1990) states that, â€Å"they are the pure sport holiday, where the primary purpose is to take part in sports such as skiing or golf; the vacation, in which sport is not the primary purpose but individuals make use of the sports facilities in their vacation locale; and the private sporting holiday, where people take part in informal pick-up games such as beach volleyball†. This is important because it means that the sport tourists differ from one another. This also suggests that they require different type of motivations for their choice of sports to participate in. The types of facilities offered, the course’s degree of challenge and also the pricing is considered to be the motivation for most sport tourists. As such, most resorts, clubs, and other hospitality industry try to offer the best facilities in order to attract this type of tourists. Other than that, a research on a cross-country ski and walking event in Japan identified that the reason of being healthy,fit and also â€Å"for the love of sport† are also considered motivational factors (Nogowa, Yamguchi, and Hagi, 1996). As have been said before, event sport tourism consists of participant that travels to watch the sport event. According to Delpy (1997), the experience of â€Å"being there† is considered to be the motivation for most event sport tourists. For instance, the experience of attending the Olympic Games differs from the experience of by just watching the games on television. The main point to be discussed here is that the event sport tourists is responsible in benefitting the host community. This is because most of this event sport tourists are not only from the local community, but comes from all around the world. For instance, when the 2006 Fifa World Cup was hosted, it consisted of 32 national teams representing their country. Thus, there were 31 different countries in Germany at that time and each of the country represents a group of event sport tourists in support of their national team. Having said that, Germany as the hosting country benefited from the Fifa World Cup because a large amount of money were spent by those event sport tourists while there were in Germany. It means that there were increased in economic perspectives when Germany hosted the Fifa World Cup. As for nostalgia sport tourism, it consists of nostalgia sport tourists visiting stadiums, halls of fame, and sports museum. The main purpose of their visit is to experience the place by themselves; such as the stadiums. For instance, taking the Old Trafford Stadium as an example; this type of tourist is a hardcore supporter of the Manchester United team, and only have watched the team playing through the television, thus the â€Å"feeling† of being there have developed. Therefore, it has been decided that this tourist has to visit the Old Trafford Stadium in order to get the maximum satisfaction. As we know it, sport and tourism relates to one another because it works both ways. For instance, if an individual wants to go skiing and there are no skiing facilities around, that individual has to travel to a destination which provides the facilities. Apart from that, when the sport tourists travel to another country, at the same time it boosts the country’s tourism sector. Thus, the country’s economy also increases. This is because when the sport tourists travel, they will not only use the sport facilities, but also uses the other facilities such as the accommodation, public transport, local restaurants and so on. Nowadays, most countries see sport and tourism as a way to develop and to improve the country. For example, the hosting of a mega-event such as the Olympic Games or World Cup. For years, â€Å"competition to host mega-events, such as the Olympic Games, has been intense and huge amounts of money are spent bidding for these events† (Jennings, 1996). It is known that by hosting this type of events, the hosting country will have impacts from it, through economically and also socially. Thus, cities all over the world are working hard to win the bidding process. However, even before the results of which city will be hosting the mega-event is decided, the process of bidding has already impacted the cities that is taking part in the bidding process. By taking the Olympic Games as an example, the cities that are running for the bidding process have to prove to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) that they are capable of hosting such events. This is done by making sure that they are able to provide the facilities such as the stadiums, accommodation and public transport that is needed. Therefore, in order to provide this kind of facilities, the cities have to redevelop themselves and this usually involves high costs. The costs of building and upgrading existing infrastructures often becomes a major concern for the local communities. This is because the taxpayer’s money is being used and often the infrastructures that is build for the purpose of hosting the mega-event are not fully utilized after the event. Furthermore, it is known that the mega-event will generate revenue and contribute major benefits to the hosting cities,region and countries. This is because the mega-event will attract a substantial domestic and also international tourists. Other than that, this is also an opportunity for the host’s country to promote their culture and image as a country. Other impacts of hosting such event are the host community will have an increased in tourism sector, increased tourist knowledge of the country, and the urbanisation of cities. However, there are also the negative impacts of hosting such event, for instance investment in non-needed structure, temporary crowding in cities, increase in crime and also increased in property rental. Thus, it is very important for the host community to properly manage and plan the mega-event as have been argued by Roche (1994) that, â€Å"mega-events tend to be short lived but have long-term consequences for a community that may not always be positive†. There have been a lot of research on the link of sport and tourism, however, it has always been focusing on one dimensions of sports tourism; for instance â€Å"holidays involving sport either as participant or as spectator† (Weed and Bull, 2004). To begin with, it has been identified that there are wo types of sport-related tourism, such as a destination that is using sport to develop their tourism identity and also where the tourism of a destination is develop unintentionally because of the sport activities. This has further been concluded by Gammon and Robinson (2003) that â€Å"sport and tourism is not just about the management and operation of mega-events, it also concerns offering consumer-specific sports and tourism-related services and experiences†. One of the sport that is related to this kind of phenomenon is golf. For most of the golf enthusiast, the sport; golf is considered to be a form of sport-related tourism. This is because the participants tend to travel to other parts of the world just to experience the different types of courses. As stated by Hall (1992), â€Å"golf tourism is considered a major tourism activity both as a direct form of special interest travel and as an adjunct to other forms of travel†. Research on golf tourism has estimated that â€Å"there are over 60 million golfers across the world† (Readman,2003). As such, it can be concluded that golf as a form of sport-related tourism represents the largest sport-related tourism sector. For over decades, golf has been considered as a sport that is played and enjoyed by most people as a past time activity and golf does not have a specific age group of participant. Therefore, it is not surprising that the popularity of golf has grown so fast and the influx of tourists to international golfing destinations has also grown substantially. Furthermore, this type of sport tourist; known as golf tourist can be categorised into three generic types, consisting of the avid golfer; this type of golf tourist is known to travel with golf as the primary focus of the trip and usually prefers world-class golf courses and facilities. Secondly, there is the business traveller golfer; they known to be the business people which put golf as a secondary option, usually playing golf when the resort provides such facilities. Lastly, there is the family golfer or according to Golf 20/20 (2004); known as â€Å"occasional golfer†. This type of golf tourist is known to consider golfing as an activity while travelling but is not likely to choose the travel destination based on the golf courses that is provided. This type of golf tourist also prefers travel destination which provides â€Å"family-oriented activities† (Tassiopoulos Haydam, 2007). However, according to Weed and Bull (2004), golf tourists are categorised by their â€Å"behaviours and motivation and identified as experienced and learner participant†. Moreover, the involvement of the golf tourist are often associated by the type of golf courses provided; the degree of challenge, the uniqueness of the course. All of this are taken into consideration when golf tourists are to planned their travel golfing destination. For some golf tourists, such as those from United States, United Kingdom and Europe; they tend to travel to other places such as the Caribbean due to seasonal factors. This is because places such as the Carribbean has good weather all-year round unlike those in the United States, United Kingdom and Europe. Thus, the Carribbean are taking this as an advantage to promote their tourism in terms of sport-related. Other than that, as for the golf tourists from Korea; the motivation for them to travel is because â€Å"Korea does not have the sufficient golf courses to meet the demand of golf tourists† (Golf Course News, 2003). Furthermore, other motivation for the golf tourists is that it is relatively more cheaper to play golf at other golf destinations compared to in Korea. Despite all of it, there are concerns about the lack of integrated practice and policy among sport and tourism agencies (Gibson, 2001). This is because most sport and tourism agencies lack the coordination in developing policy for sport tourism. Both agencies treat sport and tourism as a separate activity; while both are relatively connected to each other. As stated by De Knop (1990), â€Å"the lack of an integrated sport tourism policy is common throughout the world†. He further stated that without an adequate policy, conflicts of interest among various departments, agencies, ministries, bureau will become more common. Other than that, there are also growing concerns about the effects of sport tourism to the environment. This is because most sport-related tourism requires an area in which needed to be developed before it can be utilized. There is also the concern of maintaining the sport destination. For example, in order to build a golf course, firstly you need have a huge amount of undeveloped land. Therefore, the impact of building a golf course on the environment are the destruction of natural habitat and also deforestation. Apart from that, the sport; ski also contributes in effecting the environment. This is because it is effecting the natural wildlife in the Alps. Therefore, this kind of environmental impacts of sport-related tourism shows that there is a need at a certain level to coordinate and to develop an integrated policy before it is too late. In conclusion, over the past years, there have been alot of research on the relationship of sport and tourism, especially in trying to give sport tourism the proper definition. Whether it is called sport tourism, sports tourism, sport and tourism; all of this are actually just a terminology that have been adapted throughout the years by academic scholars. Therefore, it is important for those scholars to actually conceptualize a thorough definition of the term sport tourism; not as two different sector but as one. Thus, further analysis on sport tourism has to be researched by the academic scholars. In terms of the types of sport tourists that has been identified, it is important to know what actually motivates them in choosing their travel destination in relation of their sport activities. This is because in order for the tourism sector to fully utilize the facilities that they provide, they have to take the sport tourists set of thinking into consideration. As have been said before, the relationship of sport and tourism are interrelated to each other, because without the sport tourists, the tourism industry will not be able to benefit from it. The development of a country also depends on this sport tourists; thus it is important for the local government to coordinate with the tourism agency in order to gain the economical benefits. As have been stated, the sport tourism sector plays an important role in developing such a nation. However, it is also important for the country to properly plan and manage their tourism sector, in this case, when a country is trying to bid for a mega-event, they have to take everything into consideration, even the smallest things. This is so that a positive outcome will be achieved rather than a negative outcome. However, one thing that needs to be taken seriously when trying to develop the tourism industry is the environment. Due to the lack of policy coordination, the environment has to suffer and this has to be taken seriously by the local government agencies. To finish off, there are more sections on sport tourism that needs further research on; future studies should include an in-depth look on the needs, motivational perspectives, and the behaviours of sport tourists. This is so that sport tourism will continue to grow and hopefully it will be a more supportive sector in developing a country. The Relationship Between Sport and Tourism Essay Example The Relationship Between Sport and Tourism Paper The relationship between sport and tourism In order to understand the meaning of sport tourism, firstly we need to understand the term sport and tourism. Generally, sport can be defined as â€Å"all forms of physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competitions at all levels† (Council Of Europe, 1992). Having said that, sport is actually a form of activity that is participated by people and it involves not only the participant but also other people. As for tourism, the World Tourism Organisation (WTO) (2000) defined it as â€Å"activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes†. In this case, both sport and tourism is seen as a form of travel from one place to another. For instance, most sport nowadays involves a considerable amount of traveling to play and compete in different destinations and countries. Other than that, there are also people that travels for the purpose of visiting sports attraction such as stadiums, sports museum and also sports hall. Nowadays, sport and tourism can be seen as an inseparable phenomenon and sport tourism itself is considered to be the fastest growing sector of the tourism industry. However, the definition of sport tourism varies among people, until now, there still has not been a standardize definition for it. Over the years, there have been attempts to define it; for instance (Weed et al, 1997). As such, Standeven and De Knop (1999, p. 2) defines sport tourism as, â€Å"All forms of active and passive involvement in sporting activity, participated in casually or in an organized way for non-commercial or business/commercial reasons, that necessitate travel away from home and work locality†. Therefore, it is known that sport and tourism relates to one another, as also stated by Hinch and Higham (2001) that â€Å"sport tourism is a sport-based travel away from the home environment for a limited time, where sport is characterised by unique rule sets, competition related to physical prowess and play†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Sport and Tourism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Sport and Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Relationship Between Sport and Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Furthermore, they also added that sport is considered to be â€Å"a significant travel activity, whether it is a primary or secondary feature of the trip†. According to Keller (2001), â€Å"the relationship between sport and tourism can be traced back to the ancient Olympic Games†. This is when all the people in the earlier days travelled to the olympic site just to attend the hallmark event. However, according to Delpy (1998), â€Å"high numbers of travellers searching for active and passive involvement in sports are of more recent origin†. The factors resulting to this trend is because there is an expanding demographic profile of participants in sports (Glyptis, 1989), increased demand for active engagement in recreational pursuits while on holiday (Priestley, 1995), and a growing interest in the prominent roles played by sports and sports event in urban renewal and urban imagery, and potential to leverage tourism opportunities associated with sports events (Getz, 1998). Other than that, sport tourism can be categorized into three types of tourism. According to Gibson (2003, pp. 07), â€Å"there is the active sport tourism where participants travel to take part in sport, event sport tourism where participants travel to watch the sport, and also nostalgia sport tourism where participants visit sports related attractions such as halls of fame, famous-stadia or sports-themed cruises†. Furthermore, active sport tourism consists of the active sport tourists, an individual who takes part in sport while on holiday. Gen erally, the sport that is usually related to this type of sport tourists are golf, skiing, swimming, tennis, and sailing. Moreover, the active sport tourist can be breakdown into three more categories; De Knop (1990) states that, â€Å"they are the pure sport holiday, where the primary purpose is to take part in sports such as skiing or golf; the vacation, in which sport is not the primary purpose but individuals make use of the sports facilities in their vacation locale; and the private sporting holiday, where people take part in informal pick-up games such as beach volleyball†. This is important because it means that the sport tourists differ from one another. This also suggests that they require different type of motivations for their choice of sports to participate in. The types of facilities offered, the course’s degree of challenge and also the pricing is considered to be the motivation for most sport tourists. As such, most resorts, clubs, and other hospitality industry try to offer the best facilities in order to attract this type of tourists. Other than that, a research on a cross-country ski and walking event in Japan identified that the reason of being healthy,fit and also â€Å"for the love of sport† are also considered motivational factors (Nogowa, Yamguchi, and Hagi, 1996). As have been said before, event sport tourism consists of participant that travels to watch the sport event. According to Delpy (1997), the experience of â€Å"being there† is considered to be the motivation for most event sport tourists. For instance, the experience of attending the Olympic Games differs from the experience of by just watching the games on television. The main point to be discussed here is that the event sport tourists is responsible in benefitting the host community. This is because most of this event sport tourists are not only from the local community, but comes from all around the world. For instance, when the 2006 Fifa World Cup was hosted, it consisted of 32 national teams representing their country. Thus, there were 31 different countries in Germany at that time and each of the country represents a group of event sport tourists in support of their national team. Having said that, Germany as the hosting country benefited from the Fifa World Cup because a large amount of money were spent by those event sport tourists while there were in Germany. It means that there were increased in economic perspectives when Germany hosted the Fifa World Cup. As for nostalgia sport tourism, it consists of nostalgia sport tourists visiting stadiums, halls of fame, and sports museum. The main purpose of their visit is to experience the place by themselves; such as the stadiums. For instance, taking the Old Trafford Stadium as an example; this type of tourist is a hardcore supporter of the Manchester United team, and only have watched the team playing through the television, thus the â€Å"feeling† of being there have developed. Therefore, it has been decided that this tourist has to visit the Old Trafford Stadium in order to get the maximum satisfaction. As we know it, sport and tourism relates to one another because it works both ways. For instance, if an individual wants to go skiing and there are no skiing facilities around, that individual has to travel to a destination which provides the facilities. Apart from that, when the sport tourists travel to another country, at the same time it boosts the country’s tourism sector. Thus, the country’s economy also increases. This is because when the sport tourists travel, they will not only use the sport facilities, but also uses the other facilities such as the accommodation, public transport, local restaurants and so on. Nowadays, most countries see sport and tourism as a way to develop and to improve the country. For example, the hosting of a mega-event such as the Olympic Games or World Cup. For years, â€Å"competition to host mega-events, such as the Olympic Games, has been intense and huge amounts of money are spent bidding for these events† (Jennings, 1996). It is known that by hosting this type of events, the hosting country will have impacts from it, through economically and also socially. Thus, cities all over the world are working hard to win the bidding process. However, even before the results of which city will be hosting the mega-event is decided, the process of bidding has already impacted the cities that is taking part in the bidding process. By taking the Olympic Games as an example, the cities that are running for the bidding process have to prove to the International Olympic Committee (IOC) that they are capable of hosting such events. This is done by making sure that they are able to provide the facilities such as the stadiums, accommodation and public transport that is needed. Therefore, in order to provide this kind of facilities, the cities have to redevelop themselves and this usually involves high costs. The costs of building and upgrading existing infrastructures often becomes a major concern for the local communities. This is because the taxpayer’s money is being used and often the infrastructures that is build for the purpose of hosting the mega-event are not fully utilized after the event. Furthermore, it is known that the mega-event will generate revenue and contribute major benefits to the hosting cities,region and countries. This is because the mega-event will attract a substantial domestic and also international tourists. Other than that, this is also an opportunity for the host’s country to promote their culture and image as a country. Other impacts of hosting such event are the host community will have an increased in tourism sector, increased tourist knowledge of the country, and the urbanisation of cities. However, there are also the negative impacts of hosting such event, for instance investment in non-needed structure, temporary crowding in cities, increase in crime and also increased in property rental. Thus, it is very important for the host community to properly manage and plan the mega-event as have been argued by Roche (1994) that, â€Å"mega-events tend to be short lived but have long-term consequences for a community that may not always be positive†. There have been a lot of research on the link of sport and tourism, however, it has always been focusing on one dimensions of sports tourism; for instance â€Å"holidays involving sport either as participant or as spectator† (Weed and Bull, 2004). To begin with, it has been identified that there are wo types of sport-related tourism, such as a destination that is using sport to develop their tourism identity and also where the tourism of a destination is develop unintentionally because of the sport activities. This has further been concluded by Gammon and Robinson (2003) that â€Å"sport and tourism is not just about the management and operation of mega-events, it also concerns offering consumer-specific sports and tourism-related services and experiences†. One of the sport that is related to this kind of phenomenon is golf. For most of the golf enthusiast, the sport; golf is considered to be a form of sport-related tourism. This is because the participants tend to travel to other parts of the world just to experience the different types of courses. As stated by Hall (1992), â€Å"golf tourism is considered a major tourism activity both as a direct form of special interest travel and as an adjunct to other forms of travel†. Research on golf tourism has estimated that â€Å"there are over 60 million golfers across the world† (Readman,2003). As such, it can be concluded that golf as a form of sport-related tourism represents the largest sport-related tourism sector. For over decades, golf has been considered as a sport that is played and enjoyed by most people as a past time activity and golf does not have a specific age group of participant. Therefore, it is not surprising that the popularity of golf has grown so fast and the influx of tourists to international golfing destinations has also grown substantially. Furthermore, this type of sport tourist; known as golf tourist can be categorised into three generic types, consisting of the avid golfer; this type of golf tourist is known to travel with golf as the primary focus of the trip and usually prefers world-class golf courses and facilities. Secondly, there is the business traveller golfer; they known to be the business people which put golf as a secondary option, usually playing golf when the resort provides such facilities. Lastly, there is the family golfer or according to Golf 20/20 (2004); known as â€Å"occasional golfer†. This type of golf tourist is known to consider golfing as an activity while travelling but is not likely to choose the travel destination based on the golf courses that is provided. This type of golf tourist also prefers travel destination which provides â€Å"family-oriented activities† (Tassiopoulos Haydam, 2007). However, according to Weed and Bull (2004), golf tourists are categorised by their â€Å"behaviours and motivation and identified as experienced and learner participant†. Moreover, the involvement of the golf tourist are often associated by the type of golf courses provided; the degree of challenge, the uniqueness of the course. All of this are taken into consideration when golf tourists are to planned their travel golfing destination. For some golf tourists, such as those from United States, United Kingdom and Europe; they tend to travel to other places such as the Caribbean due to seasonal factors. This is because places such as the Carribbean has good weather all-year round unlike those in the United States, United Kingdom and Europe. Thus, the Carribbean are taking this as an advantage to promote their tourism in terms of sport-related. Other than that, as for the golf tourists from Korea; the motivation for them to travel is because â€Å"Korea does not have the sufficient golf courses to meet the demand of golf tourists† (Golf Course News, 2003). Furthermore, other motivation for the golf tourists is that it is relatively more cheaper to play golf at other golf destinations compared to in Korea. Despite all of it, there are concerns about the lack of integrated practice and policy among sport and tourism agencies (Gibson, 2001). This is because most sport and tourism agencies lack the coordination in developing policy for sport tourism. Both agencies treat sport and tourism as a separate activity; while both are relatively connected to each other. As stated by De Knop (1990), â€Å"the lack of an integrated sport tourism policy is common throughout the world†. He further stated that without an adequate policy, conflicts of interest among various departments, agencies, ministries, bureau will become more common. Other than that, there are also growing concerns about the effects of sport tourism to the environment. This is because most sport-related tourism requires an area in which needed to be developed before it can be utilized. There is also the concern of maintaining the sport destination. For example, in order to build a golf course, firstly you need have a huge amount of undeveloped land. Therefore, the impact of building a golf course on the environment are the destruction of natural habitat and also deforestation. Apart from that, the sport; ski also contributes in effecting the environment. This is because it is effecting the natural wildlife in the Alps. Therefore, this kind of environmental impacts of sport-related tourism shows that there is a need at a certain level to coordinate and to develop an integrated policy before it is too late. In conclusion, over the past years, there have been alot of research on the relationship of sport and tourism, especially in trying to give sport tourism the proper definition. Whether it is called sport tourism, sports tourism, sport and tourism; all of this are actually just a terminology that have been adapted throughout the years by academic scholars. Therefore, it is important for those scholars to actually conceptualize a thorough definition of the term sport tourism; not as two different sector but as one. Thus, further analysis on sport tourism has to be researched by the academic scholars. In terms of the types of sport tourists that has been identified, it is important to know what actually motivates them in choosing their travel destination in relation of their sport activities. This is because in order for the tourism sector to fully utilize the facilities that they provide, they have to take the sport tourists set of thinking into consideration. As have been said before, the relationship of sport and tourism are interrelated to each other, because without the sport tourists, the tourism industry will not be able to benefit from it. The development of a country also depends on this sport tourists; thus it is important for the local government to coordinate with the tourism agency in order to gain the economical benefits. As have been stated, the sport tourism sector plays an important role in developing such a nation. However, it is also important for the country to properly plan and manage their tourism sector, in this case, when a country is trying to bid for a mega-event, they have to take everything into consideration, even the smallest things. This is so that a positive outcome will be achieved rather than a negative outcome. However, one thing that needs to be taken seriously when trying to develop the tourism industry is the environment. Due to the lack of policy coordination, the environment has to suffer and this has to be taken seriously by the local government agencies. To finish off, there are more sections on sport tourism that needs further research on; future studies should include an in-depth look on the needs, motivational perspectives, and the behaviours of sport tourists. This is so that sport tourism will continue to grow and hopefully it will be a more supportive sector in developing a country.